Sensitive Efficiency of Photoinduced Electron Transfer to Band Gaps of Semiconductive Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Supramolecularly Attached Zinc Porphyrin Bearing Pyrene Glues

Abstract

Photoinduced electron transfer in self-assembled single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)/zinc porphyrin (ZnP) hybrids utilizing (7,6)- and (6,5)-enriched SWNTs has been investigated. Toward this, first, zinc porphyrin was covalently functionalized to possess four pyrene entities (ZnP(pyr)(4)). Exfoliation of the semiconducting nanotube bundles occurred due to pi-pi-type interactions with the pyrene and porphyrin entities in organic solvents. The nanohybrids thus formed were isolated and characterized by TEM, UV-visible-near-IR, and Raman spectroscopy. Free-energy calculations suggested the possibility of electron transfer in both the (7,6)- and (6,5)-possessing ZnP(pyr)(4)/SWNT nanohybrids. Accordingly, fluorescence studies revealed efficient quenching of the singlet excited state of ZnP in the nanohybrids, originating from the charge separation, as confirmed by observation of a ZnP pi-cation radical in transient absorption spectra. The rates of charge separation were found to be slightly higher for (7,6)-SWNT-derived hybrids compared to the (6,5)-SWNT-derived hybrids. Charge recombination revealed an opposite effect, indicating that the (7,6)-SWNTs are slightly better for charge stabilization compared to the (6,5)-SWNTs. The present nanohybrids were further utilized to photochemically reduce the hexyl viologen dication in the presence of a sacrificial electron donor in an electron-pooling experiment, offering additional proof for the occurrence of photoinduced charge separation and potential utilization of these materials in light-energy-harvesting applications. Finally, solar cells constructed using the ZnP/SWNT hybrids revealed higher efficiency for the ZnP(pyr)(4)/(7,6)-SWNT hybrid with narrower nanotube band gap compared with the ZnP(pyr)(4)/(6,5)-SWNT having a relatively wider band gap.