Abstract
A combine harvester has been widely employed for harvesting paddy in Malaysia. However, it is one of the most challenging machines to operate when harvesting grain crops. Improper handling of a combine harvester can lead to a significant amount of grain loss. Any losses during the harvesting process would result in less income for the farmers. Grain loss sensing technology is automated, remote, and prospective. It can help reduce grain losses by increasing harvesting precision, reliability, and productivity. Monitoring and generating real-time sensor data can provide effective combine harvester performance and information that will aid in analyzing and optimizing the harvesting process. Thus, this paper presents an overview of the conventional methods of grain loss measurements, the factors that contribute to grain losses, and further reviews the development and operation of sensor components for monitoring grain loss during harvest. The potential and limitations of the present grain loss monitoring systems used in combine harvesting operations are also critically analyzed. Several strategies for the adoption of the technology in Malaysia are also highlighted. The use of this technology in future harvesting methods is promising as it could lead to an increase in production, yield, and self-sufficiency to meet the increasing demand for food globally.
Highlights
Combine harvesters are widely utilized to harvest different kinds of grains [1]
One of the most important aspects of grain loss reduction is the impact of the combine harvester [15], and mechanical losses are inevitable during the working process of a combine harvester and can only be reduced in an appropriate way [16]
The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the parameters that contribute to grain losses in combine harvesters and conventional methods of measuring grain losses, as well as the various types of sensors used to measure and monitor grain losses, and issues concerning the design, operation, and limitations of sensing technology used in combine harvesting operations
Summary
Combine harvesters are widely utilized to harvest different kinds of grains [1]. The machine is one of the most difficult pieces of agricultural equipment to operate while harvesting grain crops [2]. More studies will be required to find characteristics and operating conditions that minimize grain loss and combine harvester loss. One of the most important aspects of grain loss reduction is the impact of the combine harvester [15], and mechanical losses are inevitable during the working process of a combine harvester and can only be reduced in an appropriate way [16]. Inadequate control of operational parameters such as combine handling, environment, moisture, and crop physiological variables causes grain loss. Reference [19] reported a 1.39% grain loss in their study, which led to income losses of up to USD 29.26 (RM 120.55) per hectare This demonstrates that farmers incur significant losses during harvesting operations, resulting in a lower (decreased) profit. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the parameters that contribute to grain losses in combine harvesters and conventional methods of measuring grain losses, as well as the various types of sensors used to measure and monitor grain losses, and issues concerning the design, operation, and limitations of sensing technology used in combine harvesting operations
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