Abstract
In order to detect the vehicle presence in parking slots, different approaches have been utilized, which range from image recognition to sensing via detection nodes. The last one is usually based on getting the presence data from one or more sensors (commonly magnetic or IR-based), controlled and processed by a micro-controller that sends the data through radio interface. Consequently, given nodes have multiple components, adequate software is required for its control and state-machine to communicate its status to the receiver. This paper presents an alternative, cost-effective beacon-based mechanism for sensing the vehicle presence. It is based on the well-known effect that, once the metallic obstacle (i.e., vehicle) is on top of the sensing node, the signal strength will be attenuated, while the same shall be recognized at the receiver side. Therefore, the signal strength change conveys the information regarding the presence. Algorithms processing signal strength change at the receiver side to estimate the presence are required due to the stochastic nature of signal strength parameters. In order to prove the concept, experimental setup based on LoRa-based parking sensors was used to gather occupancy/signal strength data. In order to extract the information of presence, the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) was employed with accuracy of up to 96%, while the Neural Network (NN) approach reaches an accuracy of up to 97%. The given approach reduces the costs of the sensor production by at least 50%.
Highlights
Intense technological development currently is reshaping many areas of everyday life and impacting human behavior
There is a slight imbalance regarding the number of instances of each class, depending on the sensor and gateway, as was observed in Data Analyses section. This does not represent a problem for (GW3), since it gives the smallest overlapping of Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) values for a particular occupancy state, and good results can be obtained, regardless of class disproportion, if both groups are well represented and their distributions do not entirely overlap [83]
The parking lot occupancy was sent over a radio channel to three LoRaWAN gateways that collected measurements of signal strength from five sensor devices that were placed on a University parking lot
Summary
Intense technological development currently is reshaping many areas of everyday life and impacting human behavior. The Internet of Things (IoT) vision of ubiquitous and pervasive connection of smart things gives rise to a future environment that is composed out of physical and digital world. In this environment, it is possible to receive information about or from the psychical world that was previously not available to us and, interconnect it to exchange and use this information with the digital world [1]. One of the most important topics addressed by the European Commission and most nations in the world is the development of an urban city model that aimed at increasing the quality of life of people working and living in them. Due to the rise of cars, existing parking systems are inadequate or unable to handle parking loads [5]
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