Abstract
Stadiums like those used for sporting or concert events, are distinct from other civil engineering structures due to several different characteristics. Some challenges mainly originate from the interaction with the human factor, as stadiums are subjected to both synchronized and random motion of large crowds. The investigations in the literature on this topic clearly state that stadiums designs are in urgent need of more reliable load quantification and modeling strategies, deeper understanding of structural response, generation of simple but efficient human-structure interaction models and more accurate criteria for vibration acceptability. Although many aesthetically pleasing and technologically advanced stadiums have been designed and constructed using structurally innovative methods, recent research on this field still calls for less conservative and more realistic designs. This article aims to highlight the recent advances in this field and to provide a follow up to the 2008 literature review on vibration serviceability of stadiums structures. The article will also discuss new sensing and monitoring techniques on load-time history measurements and their regeneration, as well as crowd motion, stadium health monitoring, and human comfort analysis. Operational effects of crowds on the dynamic properties are also discussed. The paper concludes with a forward look on the recommended work and research for dynamic assessment of stadiums.
Highlights
Stadiums are designed with the intent to hold large number of people
This review identifies several important areas still in need of research: codes and guidance, individual and crowd load modeling, human–structure interaction, prediction of dynamic structural properties, and acceptability of vibrations
Use of force plates brings some concerns such as (1) having small dimensions (~0.6 m × 0.4 m) that require controlled jumping which is quite tough when the subject is to jump at higher frequencies, having distorted ground reaction force (GRF) patterns and (2) giving inaccurate results when mounted on a flexibly moving structure such as grandstand for the reason that additional inertial forces contribute to the measurements (Perry, 1992; AMTI, 2008; Racic et al, 2011)
Summary
Stadiums (plural of stadium, used as stadia) are designed with the intent to hold large number of people. The second approach is to use the measurement of real-life force–time histories as an input and implement mathematical functions to recreate the measured histories The downside of this approach is the inability to distinguish similar responses from the structure due to possible alterations in mass, stiffness, and damping. The structural systems of stadiums show significant variations especially in mass, stiffness, and damping These variations are the product of several factors: the uneven distribution of the crowd occupying the structure, the inherent capability of the human body to absorb energy, the interactions between people, and the motion differences within their own body (posture and reaction to different events). They lack the ability to perform controlled experiments to create serious discomfort levels
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