Abstract
Background: Callicarpa macrophylla (Varbenaceae) is a medicinal shrub and is traditionally used in India, China, and South Asia. Methods: The plant material was collected from lower Himalayan region of Uttarakhand in India. The essential oils from three different aerial parts were analyzed by GC-MS. Antioxidant activity, phenolic assay, and various pharmacological activities were determined by using existing methods which are generally practiced widely. Results: Over 51, 53, and 40 compounds were identified in C. macrophylla leaves essential oil (CMLEO), C. macrophylla pre mature seeds and fruits essential oil (CMEO-I) and C.macrophylla mature seeds and fruits essential oil (CMEO-II), respectively. These oils differ in relative contents of major compounds viz; β-selinene (37.51% in CMLEO, 44.66% in CMEO-I and 57.01% in CMEO-II), phyllocladene (9.76% in CMLEO, 5.80% in CMEO-I and 12.38% in CMEO-II), caryophelline oxide (7.34% in CMLEO, 8.74% in CMEO-I and 5.0% in CMEO-II), 9E-epi-caryophelline (6.23% in CMLEO, 1.27% in CMEO-I and 3.43% in CMEO-II), longipinocarvone (4.96% in CMLEO, 1.17% in CMEO-I and 2.0% in CMEO-II), and 1,8-cineole (2.23% in CMLEO, 3.10% in CMEO-I and 1.62% in CMEO-II). The oils exhibited good in vitro antioxidant activity. The maximum activity was found in CMEO-II with IC50 values 7.37 ± 0.11, 11.49 ± 0.87, 14.59 ± 0.18, 15.66 ± 0.03, and 17.49 ± 0.13 µL/mL. The essential oils showed qualitative and quantitative diversity in the makeup of essential oils constituents. The oils were found to exhibit anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activity on swiss albino mice compared to the standard drugs, viz; ibuprofen, paracetamol and indomethacin. Conclusion: It is inferred from the study that the plant parts can be used scientifically in traditional systems as folk herbal medicine. Furthermore, we have generated a database for future reference and judicious exploitation of these oils from their natural setting.
Highlights
Many plants have been found as a source of natural antioxidants and base components for new drug formation from their essential oils
The scavengers of Nitric oxide (NO) competed with oxygen, leading to reduced production of NO. 2 mL of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) (10 mM) in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) with pH 7.4 was homogenized with different concentrations (5–25 μL/mL) of essential oils (EOs) dissolved in acetone
Over 40–53 compounds were identified in C. macrophylla leaves essential oil (CMLEO), CMEO-I, and CMEO-II which contributed to 96.55%, 94.56%, and 95.35% of the total oil, respectively
Summary
Many plants have been found as a source of natural antioxidants and base components for new drug formation from their essential oils. India was investigated for chemical composition and pharmacological activity of its essential oils This plant belonging to family Varbenaceae is an erect, stellate-pubescent, perennial shrub, with stems terete and leaves in sub or unequal pairs on 0.3–1.5 cm long petioles, elliptic-dentate with glandtipped teeth, glabrescent or so above, 10–20 (–25) × 4–6 (–8) cm while flowers in axillary, 1–3 cm long, peduncled, cymose, corymbose panicles [1]. In view of its medicinal uses in traditional systems, in the present investigation of different parts of the plant (leaves, pre-mature and mature seeds and fruits) were taken to isolate essential oils and examine the chemo-diversity, antioxidant, and pharmacological activities of this important shrub
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