Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is an important genetically controlled mechanism to prevent inbreeding in higher plants. SI involves highly specific interactions during pollination, resulting in the rejection of incompatible (self) pollen. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important mechanism for destroying cells in a precisely regulated manner. SI in field poppy (Papaver rhoeas) triggers PCD in incompatible pollen. During SI-induced PCD, we previously observed a major acidification of the pollen cytosol. Here, we present measurements of temporal alterations in cytosolic pH ([pH]cyt); they were surprisingly rapid, reaching pH 6.4 within 10 min of SI induction and stabilizing by 60 min at pH 5.5. By manipulating the [pH]cyt of the pollen tubes in vivo, we show that [pH]cyt acidification is an integral and essential event for SI-induced PCD. Here, we provide evidence showing the physiological relevance of the cytosolic acidification and identify key targets of this major physiological alteration. A small drop in [pH]cyt inhibits the activity of a soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase required for pollen tube growth. We also show that [pH]cyt acidification is necessary and sufficient for triggering several key hallmark features of the SI PCD signaling pathway, notably activation of a DEVDase/caspase-3-like activity and formation of SI-induced punctate actin foci. Importantly, the actin binding proteins Cyclase-Associated Protein and Actin-Depolymerizing Factor are identified as key downstream targets. Thus, we have shown the biological relevance of an extreme but physiologically relevant alteration in [pH]cyt and its effect on several components in the context of SI-induced events and PCD.
Highlights
Self-incompatibility (SI) is an important genetically controlled mechanism to prevent inbreeding in higher plants
The actin cytoskeleton is a key target in the field poppy SI response, undergoing depolymerization (Snowman et al, 2002) followed by polymerization into highly stable F-actin foci decorated with the actin binding proteins (ABPs) Actin-Depolymerizing Factor (ADF) and CyclaseAssociated Protein (CAP; Poulter et al, 2010, 2011), with both processes being involved in mediating Programmed cell death (PCD) (Thomas et al, 2006)
We previously showed that the actin cytoskeleton is a key target in the field poppy SI response, undergoing depolymerization (Snowman et al, 2002) followed by polymerization into highly stable F-actin foci (Poulter et al, 2010, 2011), with both processes being involved in mediating PCD (Thomas et al, 2006)
Summary
Self-incompatibility (SI) is an important genetically controlled mechanism to prevent inbreeding in higher plants. SI Triggers Cytosolic Acidification increases in cytosolic free calcium ([Ca2+]cyt) are triggered in incompatible pollen tubes (Franklin-Tong et al, 1993), resulting in phosphorylation of soluble inorganic pyrophosphatases (sPPases; Rudd et al, 1996; de Graaf et al, 2006), activation of a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK; Rudd et al, 2003), and increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (Wilkins et al, 2011, 2014) Most of these components are integrated into a signaling network leading to PCD (Bosch et al, 2008; Wilkins et al, 2014). Elicitor treatments resulted in a [pH]cyt drop of between 0.4 and 0.7 pH units in suspension cells (Mathieu et al, 1996; Kuchitsu et al, 1997), a drop of 0.2 pH units in Nitellopsis obtusa cells treated with salt (Katsuhara et al, 1989), and a drop of 0.3 to 0.7 pH units in Eschscholzia californica (Roos et al, 1998)
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