Abstract

Self-esteem refers to a global judgment of the worth or value of the self. Self-esteem is strongly related to the subjective quality of life, and to motivational orientations such as self-enhancement and self-protection. However, self-esteem is linked only weakly to behavior and objective outcomes such as school achievement, physical attractiveness, and popularity with peers. Several issues in the literature on self-esteem are considered, including whether self-esteem is a state or a trait, is primarily affective or cognitive, what it is based on, whether high self-esteem is defensive or genuine, and whether there is a universal need to have high self-esteem.

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