Self-Directed Growth of Aligned Adenine Molecular Chains on Si(111)7×7: Direct Imaging of Hydrogen-Bond Mediated Dimers and Clusters at Room Temperature by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Abstract

The early stage of adsorption of adenine on Si(111)7×7 is studied by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Bright protrusions are observed in both empty-state and filled-state STM images, indicative of molecular adsorption of adenine through dative bonding. The majority of these bright protrusions appear as dimer pairs formed by hydrogen bonding at the initial adsorption stage. The formation of dative bonds between the substrate and adenine and the feasibility of the H-bond mediated dimers are supported by ab initio DFT/B3LYP/6-31G++(d,p) calculations, and are in excellent accord with our recent X-ray photoemission data. Remarkably, these dimers are found to undergo self-organization into aligned superstructures, evidently with common link arrangements, including straight, offset, and zigzag chains, square quartets, double quartets, and other multiple dimer structures. As the exposure of adenine increases, the populations of dimers as well as the self-organized double dimer and other higher-order structures also increase. The end-to-end dimer links are found to be most prominent in the growth of adenine molecular chains, most notably aligned along the Si dimer-wall or [-1 1 0] direction of the 7×7 unit cell. The self-aligned adenine dimer molecular chains offer a natural template for catch-and-release biosensing, lithography, and molecular electronic applications.