Abstract
Composite materials based on a titanium support and a thin, alginate hydrogel could be used in bone tissue engineering as a scaffold material that provides biologically active molecules. The main objective of this contribution is to characterize the activation and the functionalization of titanium surfaces by the covalent immobilization of anchoring layers of self-assembled bisphosphonate neridronate monolayers and polymer films of 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and biomimetic poly(dopamine). These were further used to bind a bio-functional alginate coating. The success of the titanium surface activation, anchoring layer formation and alginate immobilization, as well as the stability upon immersion under physiological-like conditions, are demonstrated by different surface sensitive techniques such as spectroscopic ellipsometry, infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The changes in morphology and the established continuity of the layers are examined by scanning electron microscopy, surface profilometry and atomic force microscopy. The changes in hydrophilicity after each modification step are further examined by contact angle goniometry.
Highlights
Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in medicine and dentistry to replace and support hard tissues [1]
We study the immobilization of three compounds to the titanium surface: bisphosphonate neridronate, APTES and PDA
Considerable amounts of aluminum and silicon were observed on the pristine surfaces, most likely from the polishing pastes used by the producer
Summary
Titanium and titanium alloys are widely used in medicine and dentistry to replace and support hard tissues [1]. The absence of toxic alloying metals [1], extraordinary specific strength, appropriate Young’s modulus, outstanding biocompatibility and excellent corrosion resistance make commercially pure titanium a highly favored, biocompatible, metallic material [2]. The biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of titanium surfaces is closely related to the presence of a spontaneously formed 3–6 nm thick layer of titanium oxides, mostly in the form of titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2). The outermost surface of the oxide is covered with a 2.8–9.5 Å thick hydroxy group layer [3], which determines the reactivity of titanium surfaces [4] and sets their isoelectric point in the range of 3.5–6.2 [5,6,7]
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