Self-Reported Modifiable Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Disease among Older Adults in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study of Prevalence and Clustering.

Ying Ying Chan,Muhammad Solihin Rezali,Noor Ani Ahmad,Mohamad Aznuddin Abd Razak,Mohd Shaiful Azlan Kassim,Lim Kuang Kuay,Mohd Azahadi Omar,Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff,Azli Baharudin,Norhafizah Sahril

doi:10.3390/ijerph18157941

Ying Ying Chan, Muhammad Solihin Rezali + Show 8 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157941

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Abstract

The co-occurrence of multiple modifiable risk factors increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity or mortality. This study examines the prevalence and clustering of self-reported modifiable CVD risk factors among older adults in Malaysia. A total of 7117 adults aged ≥50 years participated in the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2018: Elderly Health, a community-based cross-sectional survey. Data were collected using a standardized structured questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with the clustering of self-reported modifiable CVD risk factors. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, overweight/obesity, and current smoking was 23.3%, 42.2%, 35.6%, 58.4%, and 17.5%, respectively. Overall, the prevalence of clustering of ≥1, ≥2, and ≥3 modifiable CVD risk factors was 83.3%, 75.4%, and 62.6%, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that men, 60–69 age group, urban dwellers, having no formal education, unemployed/retirees/homemakers, and being physically inactive were independently associated with self-reported modifiable CVD risk factors clustering. There are also ethnic differences in self-reported modifiable CVD risk factors clustering. Our findings underscore the necessity of targeted interventions and integrated strategies for early detection and treatment of modifiable CVD risk factors among older adults, considering age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

Highlights

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading global cause of death in both developed and developing countries, with an estimated 17.9 million deaths accounting for32% of global mortality in 2019 [1]
Compared to the previous study on clustering of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the Malaysian adult population aged ≥18 years [17], the higher prevalence of self-reported diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and overweight/obesity in this study may be because the study sample is of older age group (≥50 years), and the prevalence of most CVD risk factors increase with age [18]
After adjusting for all other covariates, the results suggested that urban older adults were associated with a higher likelihood of having ≥1 and ≥2 modifiable CVD risk factors compared to their rural counterparts

Summary

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading global cause of death in both developed and developing countries, with an estimated 17.9 million deaths accounting for. 32% of global mortality in 2019 [1]. 23 million deaths by 2030 [2]. Recent studies suggest that all forms of CVDs have declined in developed countries [3,4], the prevalence is increasing in developing.

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