Self-reported difficulty initiating sleep and early morning awakenings are associated with nocturnal diastolic non-dipping in older white Swedish men

Abstract

Chronically blunted nocturnal blood pressure (BP) dipping has been shown to increase the future risk of cardiovascular diseases. In the present cross-sectional study, we investigated whether self-reported insomnia symptoms were associated with an altered 24-h BP profile and blunted nocturnal BP dipping (night-to-day BP ratio > 0.90) in older men. For the analysis, we used 24-h ambulatory blood pressure data and reports of insomnia symptoms (difficulty initiating sleep, DIS; and early morning awakenings, EMA) from 995 Swedish men (mean age: 71 years). Compared to men without DIS, those reporting DIS (10% of the cohort) had a higher odds ratio of diastolic non-dipping (1.85 [1.15, 2.98], P = 0.011). Similarly, men who reported EMA (19% of the cohort) had a higher odds ratio of diastolic non-dipping than those without EMA (1.57 [1.09, 2.26], P = 0.015). Despite a slightly higher nocturnal diastolic BP among men with EMA vs. those without EMA (+ 1.4 mmHg, P = 0.042), no other statistically significant differences in BP and heart rate were found between men with and those without insomnia symptoms. Our findings suggest that older men reporting difficulty initiating sleep or early morning awakenings may have a higher risk of nocturnal diastolic non-dipping. Our findings must be replicated in larger cohorts that also include women.