Abstract
After 48 rats were given massed or spaced shock-escape training in a straight runway, they were given extinction trials under massed or spaced conditions with shock present or absent in the goal box. Self-punitive responding was found under most spaced trial conditions but not under the massed-spaced or massed-massed condition. The results appear incompatible with several interpretations of self-punitive responding and consonant with a gradient of aversiveness hypothesis.
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