Abstract
An underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is an emerging technology for environmental monitoring and surveillance. One of the side effects of the low propagation speed of acoustic waves is that routing protocols of terrestrial wireless networks are not applicable. To address this problem, routing strategies focused on different aspects have been proposed: location free, location based, opportunistic, cluster based, energy efficient, etc. These mechanisms usually require measuring additional parameters, such as the angle of arrival of the signal or the depth of the node, which makes them less efficient in terms of energy conservation. In this paper, we propose a cross-layer proactive routing initialization mechanism that does not require additional measurements and, at the same time, is energy efficient. The algorithm is designed to recreate a radial topology with a gateway node, such that packets always use the shortest possible path from source to sink, thus minimizing consumed energy. Collisions are avoided as much as possible during the path initialization. The algorithm is suitable for 2D or 3D areas, and automatically adapts to a varying number of nodes, allowing one to expand or decrease the networked volume easily.
Highlights
An underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is an emerging technology for environmental monitoring and surveillance
Routing protocols designed for terrestrial wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are difficult to be adopted for UWSNs due to this physical constraint, as they assume virtually instantaneous propagation, allowing for more signaling overhead
It is possible that Route Request (RR) packets sent by the first nodes of the side strings have been successfully received by the second nodes but we have to wait for a period equal to three transmissions of RR and RR_ACK packets before the side nodes transmit the Clear to Forward RR (CF_RR) packet to the intermediate nodes
Summary
An underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is an emerging technology for environmental monitoring and surveillance. Electromagnetic waves are not suitable for this transmission medium because of their high absorption rate. Acoustic waves provide better performance in this regard. The propagation speed of acoustic waves is only slightly larger than 1500 m/s, varying with temperature, depth and salinity, which significantly increases the propagation delay. Routing protocols designed for terrestrial wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are difficult to be adopted for UWSNs due to this physical constraint, as they assume virtually instantaneous propagation, allowing for more signaling overhead. The propagation delay is a constraint that must be handled at the medium access control layer, which will try to utilize the channel as much as possible. Acoustic transmission data rates are much lower than in aerial transmissions
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