Abstract
Sustainable development in the construction industry can be achieved by the design of multifunctional materials with good mechanical properties, durability, and reasonable environmental impacts. New functional properties, such as self-sensing, self-heating, or energy harvesting, are crucially dependent on electrical properties, which are very poor for common building materials. Therefore, various electrically conductive admixtures are used to enhance their electrical properties. Geopolymers based on waste or byproduct precursors are promising materials that can gain new functional properties by adding a reasonable amount of electrically conductive admixtures. The main aim of this paper lies in the design of multifunctional geopolymers with self-heating abilities. Designed geopolymer mortars based on blast-furnace slag activated by water glass and 6 dosages of carbon black (CB) admixture up to 2.25 wt. % were studied in terms of basic physical, mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties (DC). The self-heating ability of the designed mortars was experimentally determined at 40 and 100 V loads. The percolation threshold for self-heating was observed at 1.5 wt. % of carbon black with an increasing self-heating performance for higher CB dosages. The highest power of 26 W and the highest temperature increase of about 110 °C were observed for geopolymers with 2.25 wt. % of carbon black admixture at 100 V.
Highlights
Building materials with new functional properties that extend their usability in sophisticated applications, so-called multifunctional or smart materials, are currently in high demand by the construction industry
A conducted investigation on the basic physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical properties, and the self-heating ability of alkali-activated slag mortars with carbon black as a conductive filler is presented in this paper, and the following conclusions have been drawn from the experimental results:
An increase in the amount of carbon black (CB) admixture in geopolymers based on granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS) activated by water glass led to the deterioration of mechanical properties, which was attributed to an increased amount of mixing water and, increased porosity
Summary
Building materials with new functional properties that extend their usability in sophisticated applications, so-called multifunctional or smart materials, are currently in high demand by the construction industry. Studies dealing with their design, experimental determination of material properties, and testing of newly achieved abilities have been, and still are, mainly focused on cementitious composites. Some of the new functional properties, such as self-sensing, self-heating, energy harvesting, or electromagnetic shielding/absorbing, are crucially dependent on electrical properties that are, in the case of common aluminosilicate-based building materials, often very poor. Much effort has been devoted to studies dealing with influence of carbon-based and metallic admixtures on new functional properties of cementitious
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