Self-Focus and Cardiovascular Effects of Stressor Anticipation and Active Coping: The Moderating Influence of Trait Social Anxiety

Margit Gramer,Stephanie Frei

doi:10.2174/1874350101710010061

Abstract

Background: Self-focused attention has been found to facilitate task engagement and cardiac activity in active performance situations. According to theories on self-awareness this facilitating effect might be confined to individuals with favorable outcome expectancies, though. Objective: To provide information on this issue, the present study evaluated the moderating influence of trait social anxiety, a dispositional indicator of impaired confidence. In extension of prior research, effects of enhanced self-awareness were assessed during both anticipation and performance of an active social stressor. Method: Sixty normotensive female students characterized as either high or low in trait social anxiety engaged in an evaluative speaking task either in the context of high or low self-awareness. Results: The moderating influence of social anxiety was found to vary with type of demand. During passive stressor anticipation, self-focus augmented distress-related vascular reactivity in high but not in low socially anxious individuals. During speech preparation self-focus was found to facilitate task engagement and cardiac reactivity in low socially anxious individuals, whereas high anxious showed some withdrawal. Greater self-awareness during speech performance elicited cardiac increases in both social anxiety groups. However, among high anxious individuals this sustained engagement was accompanied by increased negative affect and negative self-evaluations. Conclusion: These findings seem to suggest that only in high socially anxious individuals heightened self-awareness may contribute to dysfunctional cardiovascular and psychological processes.

Highlights

It is well established that the type of behavioral demand exerts a substantial influence on the intensity and patterning of cardiovascular responses
Cardiovascular responses accompanying the passive tolerance or endurance of a stressor were found to be mediated by alpha-adrenergic pathways, indicated by enhanced vascular reactivity, i.e., increases in blood pressure (BP) - in particular diastolic blood pressure (DBP) - but not heart rate (HR) [1, 3]
systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP baseline levels were unrelated to delta scores for stressor phases (p’s > 0.11)

Summary

Introduction

It is well established that the type of behavioral demand exerts a substantial influence on the intensity and patterning of cardiovascular responses. Gramer and Frei accordance with abilities and efforts They were found to elicit large beta-adrenergically mediated increases in cardiac activity with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) being most reliably affected [2, 3]. The myocardial effects of active coping have been observed in appetitive [5, 6] and aversive conditions [7] and are considered to reflect energy mobilization or effort to facilitate coping with situational demands rather than affective arousal [1, 4]. Cardiovascular responses accompanying the passive tolerance or endurance of a stressor were found to be mediated by alpha-adrenergic pathways, indicated by enhanced vascular reactivity, i.e., increases in blood pressure (BP) - in particular DBP - but not HR [1, 3]. According to theories on self-awareness this facilitating effect might be confined to individuals with favorable outcome expectancies, though

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion