Self-Defense Mechanisms of Democracy during the Crisis: The Baltic States in Comparative Perspective

Joanna Rak

doi:10.12681/hapscpbs.27647

Abstract

Theoretically embedded in studies on militant democracy, the study offers a comparative analysis of the use of self-defense mechanisms of democracy during the Coronavirus Crisis in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. The research aims to identify what anti-democratic measures were adopted to influence the sovereignty of the political nations and which served to either strengthen, maintain or undermine that sovereignty. Although neo-militant democracy goals prevailed in the Baltic states’ pre-pandemic political and legal structures, the pandemic-induced measures resulted in variation. In Estonia, the restrictions put the sovereignty of the political nation in jeopardy. Simultaneously, in Lithuania and Latvia, the sovereignty of the political nations remained unthreatened. In Estonia, the electoral successes and increase in support for the extreme-right political party Conservative People’s Party of Estonia turned conducive to the movement from neo- towards quasi-militant democracy. In Lithuania and Latvia, the extreme groupings did not receive comparable support and could not initiate an anti-democratic turn.

Highlights

A worldwide surge in right-wing populism and de-democratization, which followed the 2007–2008 financial crisis, has attracted significant scholarly attention to the self-defense mechanisms of democracy (Gökarıksel, 2020)
Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian democracies became vulnerable to anti-democratic threats to varying degrees
The qualitative report analysis serves to list Loewensteinian antidemocratic measures and differentiate between those implemented to defend, preserve, or expand the sovereignty of a political nation or challenge, undermine, and eliminate it

Summary

Rak Joanna

Self-Defense Mechanisms of Democracy during the Crisis: The Baltic States in Comparative Perspective. Embedded in studies on militant democracy, the study offers a comparative analysis of the use of self-defense mechanisms of democracy during the Coronavirus Crisis in Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia. Neo-militant democracy goals prevailed in the Baltic states’ pre-pandemic political and legal structures, the pandemic-induced measures resulted in variation. In Lithuania and Latvia, the sovereignty of the political nations remained unthreatened. In Estonia, the electoral successes and increase in support for the extreme-right political party Conservative People’s Party of Estonia turned conducive to the movement from neo- towards quasi-militant democracy. In Lithuania and Latvia, the extreme groupings did not receive comparable support and could not initiate an anti-democratic turn

Introduction

Theoretical and Methodological Assumptions

Conclusions and Recommendations