Abstract
This review focuses on self-cleaning surfaces, from passive bio-inspired surface modification including superhydrophobic, superomniphobic, and superhydrophilic surfaces, to active micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and digital microfluidic systems. We describe models and designs for nature-inspired self-cleaning schemes as well as novel engineering approaches, and we discuss examples of how MEMS/microfluidic systems integrate with functional surfaces to dislodge dust or undesired liquid residues. Meanwhile, we also examine “waterless” surface cleaning systems including electrodynamic screens and gecko seta-inspired tapes. The paper summarizes the state of the art in self-cleaning surfaces, introduces available cleaning mechanisms, describes established fabrication processes and provides practical application examples.
Highlights
A self-cleaning surface is defined as a surface that prevents or reduces surface contamination such as dust, water condensation, stains, or organic matter [1,2]
Scientists have been inspired by nature to modify the microscopic structural and chemical properties of surfaces based on discoveries from plants, insects, and reptiles [4,5,6,7]
Passive self-cleaning surfaces rely on surface modifications, combining both physical and chemical changes of their surface properties
Summary
A self-cleaning surface is defined as a surface that prevents or reduces surface contamination such as dust, water condensation, stains, or organic matter [1,2]. Self-cleaning surfaces in nature rely often on water droplets (rain or condensation) and gravity to wash away surface contaminants. Such surfaces require to be positioned at a tilted angle, and the path that the droplet follows during cleaning is not precisely defined. Considering these drawbacks, more systematic designs have been proposed employing micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) and microfluidics approaches, in combination with surface modifications for better cleaning effects. The paper provides guidelines for self-cleaning surface design and implementation
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