Selenium prevents interferon-gamma induced activation of TRPM2 channel and inhibits inflammation, mitochondrial oxidative stress, and apoptosis in microglia.

Abstract

Microglia as the primary immune cells of brain actprotective effects against injuries and infections in the central nervous system. Inflammation via excessive Ca2+ influx and oxygen radical species (ROS) generation is a known factor in many neurodegenerative disorders. Importantly, the Ca2+ permeable TRPM2 channel is activated by oxidative stress. Thus, TRPM2 could provide the excessive Ca2+ influx in the microglia. Although TRPM2 expressionlevel is high in inflammatory cells, the interplay between mouse microglia and TRPM2 channel during inflammation is not fully identified. Thus, it is important to understand the mechanisms and factors involved in order to enhance neuronal regeneration and repair. The data presented here indicate that TRPM2 channels were activated in microglia cells by interferon-gamma (IFNγ). The IFNγ treatment further increased apoptosis (early and late) and cytokine productions (TNF-α, IL-1β, andIL-6) which were due to increased lipid peroxidation and ROS generations as well as increased activations of caspase -3 (Casp-3) and - 9 (Casp-9). However, selenium treatment diminished activations of TRPM2, cytokine, Casp-3, andCasp-9, and levels of lipid peroxidation andmitochondrial ROS production in the microglia that were treated with IFNγ. Moreover, addition of either PARP1 inhibitors (PJ34 or DPQ) or TRPM2 blockers (2-APB or ACA) potentiated the modulator effects of selenium. These results clearlysuggest that IFNγ leads to TRPM2 activation in microglia cells; whereas, selenium prevents IFNγ-mediated TRPM2 activation and cytokine generation. Together the interplay between IFNγ released from microglia cells is importance in brain inflammation and may affect oxidative cytotoxicity in the microglia. Graphical abstract Summary of pathways involved in IFNγ-induced TRPM2 activation and microglia death through excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS): Modulator role of selenium (Se). The IFNγ causes the microglia activation. Nudix box domain of TRPM2 is sensitive to ROS. The ROS induces DNA damage and ADPR-ribose (ADPR) production in the nucleus via PARP1 enzyme activation. ADPR and ROS-induced TRPM2 activation stimulates excessive Ca2+ influx. ROS are produced in the mitochondria through the increase of free cytosolic Ca2+ (via TRPM2 activation) by the IFNγ treatment, although they are diminished by the TRPM2 channel blocker (ACA and 2-APB) and PARP1 inhibitor treatments. The main mechanism in the cell death and inflammatory effects of IFNγ is mediated by stimulation of ROS-mediated caspase (caspase -3 and - 9) activations and cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) via TRPM2 activation, respectively. The apoptotic, inflammatory, and oxidant actions of IFNγ are modulated through TRPM2 inhibition by the Se treatment.