Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors during Pregnancy: Do We Have Now More Definite Answers Related to Prenatal Exposure?

Abstract

Despite extensive studies, there still seems to be uncertainty as to the possible reproductive risk of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) in pregnancy. We, therefore, assess the current data on the risk/benefit of SSRI use in pregnancy. As the neurodevelopmental effects of SSRIs are discussed in another paper in this issue, we will not address the possible neurodevelopmental effects. Special emphasis is given to the newer, large population-based studies. Most studies have shown that the overall risk of major malformations is similar to that in unexposed children, except for some small increased risk for cardiac anomalies. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn has also been described with a low absolute risk of <1%, less than twice that observed in nonexposed newborns. Poor neonatal adaptation was described in up to 25% of exposed neonates. However, newer population-based studies have also shown similarly high rates among offspring of women with untreated depression. There is a higher risk for psychiatric problems possibly related to the maternal psychiatric disease for which SSRIs were prescribed. Judging from the new population registry-based studies with comparison to disease controls, there seems to be no demonstrable increase in the rate of major anomalies, prematurity, small for gestational age, or miscarriage. Therefore, the risk associated with treatment discontinuation (e.g., higher frequency of relapse, and postpartum depression) appears to outweigh the fetal and neonatal risks of maternal treatment. Thus, following appropriate explanation regarding possible risks, treatment should continue during pregnancy with minimal effective doses. Birth Defects Research 109:898-908, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.