Selective, sensitive and comprehensive detection of immune complex antigens by immune complexome analysis with papain-digestion and elution

Abstract

Comprehensive identification and profiling of antigens in immune complexes (ICs) in biological fluids, such as serum and cerebrospinal fluid, is useful for developing early diagnostic markers and specific treatments for many diseases. We have developed a method, designated “immune complexome analysis”, to comprehensively identify the antigens in ICs. In this method, we first purify ICs from biological fluid by using Protein G- or Protein A-coated beads, then these ICs are subjected to tryptic digestion on the beads and subsequent analysis using nano-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nano-LC-MS/MS). We previously used this method to find specific antigens in circulating ICs (CIC-antigens) in serum for autoimmune diseases, infectious disease and cancers. However, this method detects not only CIC-antigens but also antibodies and proteins bound non-specifically to the beads, which restricts the detection of minor peptides released by the digestion of CIC-antigens whose amounts are generally much less than antibodies and the proteins. To selectively detect CIC-antigens with enhanced sensitivity, in this study we compared three methods (Method A, direct tryptic digestion on the beads; Method B, low-pH elution and tryptic digestion; Method C, papain-digestion, elution, and tryptic digestion) and examined which method selectively elutes CIC-antigens from CICs bound to the beads and selectively detects CIC-antigens using nano-LC-MS/MS. We also compared three types of CIC-capturing beads (Protein G-coated magnetic beads, Protein A-coated magnetic beads and Proceptor™-sepharose beads) to examine if parallel use of these beads aids the comprehensive detection of CIC-antigens in immune complexome analysis. Comparison showed that Method C provided the most selective and sensitive detection of CIC-antigens, without interference by antibodies and proteins non-specifically bound to the beads. In addition, using three types of beads allowed the examination of a wide range of CIC-antigens in immune complexome analysis. Therefore, combining Method C with three types of beads should allow the selective and sensitive identification of IC-antigens present in biological fluids from patients with a variety of diseases. The identification of IC-antigens may lead to the development of diagnostic methods and protocols for specific treatments for these diseases.