Selective removal of Sr(II) from saliferous radioactive wastewater by capacitive deionization

Abstract

90Sr-containing radioactive wastewater during Fukushima nuclear accident (FNA) aroused extensive consideration for its disposal. Massive coexisted Na+ ions seriously inhibited Sr2+ removal, aggravating the expenditure of radioactive wastewater treatment. Herein, a chestnut shell derived porous carbon material modified with aryl diazonium salt (ADS) of sodium 4-aminoazobenzene-4′-sulfonate (SPAC) was developed as capacitive deionization electrode for selective removal of Sr2+ from saliferous radioactive wastewater. Based on ADS modification, the Sr2+ electrosorption capacity of SPAC electrode was improved to 33.11 mg g−1 with fast ion removal rate of 2.89 mg g−1 min−1, comparing with only 16.10 mg g−1 before modification. The isothermal adsorption and kinetics by SPAC electrode fitted well with Langmuir and pseudo-second-order model, achieving a maximum Sr2+ electrosorption capacity of 58.21 mg g−1, superior cycling stability, and excellent charge efficiency (77.63%). Fascinatingly, the SPAC electrode exhibited superhigh Sr2+ selectivity of 70.65 against Na+ in Na+–Sr2+ mixed solution with molar ratio of Na+:Sr2+ as 20:1. Density functional theory (DFT) simulation, combining with electrochemical and spectral analyses, revealed that the high overlap of electron cloud between Sr2+ ion and anionic sulfonic group (–SO3-) provided SPAC with remarkable selectivity of Sr2+ ion, and illustrated the ion-swapping mechanism of Sr2+ selectivity.