Abstract
The excess of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) strongly promotes the accumulation of cholesterol on the arterial wall, which can easily lead to the atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ACDs). It is a challenge on how to recognize and quantify the LDL with a simple and sensitive analytical technology. Herein, β-cyclodextrins (β-CDs), acting as molecular receptors, can bind with LDL to form stable inclusion complexes via the multiple interactions, including electrostatic, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. With the combination of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and β-CDs, we developed an electrochemical sensor providing an excellent molecular recognition and sensing performance towards LDL detection. The LDL dynamic adsorption behavior on the surface of the β-CD-Au electrode was explored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), displaying that the electron-transfer resistance (Ret) values were proportional to the LDL (positively charged apolipoprotein B-100) concentrations. The β-CD-Au modified sensor exhibited a high selectivity and sensitivity (978 kΩ·µM−1) toward LDL, especially in ultra-low concentrations compared with the common interferers HDL and HSA. Due to its excellent molecular recognition performance, β-CD-Au can be used as a sensing material to monitor LDL in human blood for preventing ACDs in the future.
Highlights
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACD), including coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, and peripheral vascular disease, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide [1,2]
Many epidemiologic studies have shown that excess low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or oxidized modified low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) would promote the accumulation of cholesterol on the arterial wall, which can cause the occurrence of atherosclerosis [3,4]
LDL is a large protein composed of lipid and positively charged apolipoprotein B-100, which can be recognized by negatively charged adsorption materials via electrostatic interaction [5,6,7,8]
Summary
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACD), including coronary heart disease, cerebral infarction, and peripheral vascular disease, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide [1,2]. High LDL adsorption capacity contain charge effect and saccharides structures, such as heparin, chitosan derivatives, sulfated dextran, cucurbit, sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid, etc. Β-CDs can act as molecular receptors owing to the multiple interactions, including electrostatic, van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions [16,17,18,19]. They can selectively interact with various guest molecules, such as small molecules, cationic or anionic guests, proteins, and polymer chains, to form stable inclusion complex or nanostructured supramolecular assemblies in their hydrophobic cavity, showing a high molecular recognition performance to LDL
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