Abstract
Exposure to maternal stress (MS) and mutations in GAD1, which encodes the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 67, are both risk factors for psychiatric disorders. However, the relationship between these risk factors remains unclear. Interestingly, the critical period of MS for psychiatric disorders in offspring corresponds to the period of GABAergic neuron neurogenesis and migration in the fetal brain, that is, in the late stage of gestation. Indeed, decrement of parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic interneurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and hippocampus (HIP) has often been observed in schizophrenia patients. In the present study, we used GAD67-green fluorescent protein (GFP) knock-in mice (that is, mice in which the Gad1 gene is heterozygously deleted; GAD67+/GFP) that underwent prenatal stress from embryonic day 15.0 to 17.5 and monitored PV-positive GABAergic neurons to address the interaction between Gad1 disruption and stress. Administration of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine revealed that neurogenesis of GFP-positive GABAergic neurons, but not cortical plate cells, was significantly diminished in fetal brains during MS. Differential expression of glucocorticoid receptors by different progenitor cell types may underlie this differential outcome. Postnatally, the density of PV-positive, but not PV-negative, GABAergic neurons was significantly decreased in the mPFC, HIP and somatosensory cortex but not in the motor cortex of GAD67+/GFP mice. By contrast, these findings were not observed in wild-type (GAD67+/+) offspring. These results suggest that prenatal stress, in addition to heterozygous deletion of Gad1, could specifically disturb the proliferation of neurons destined to be PV-positive GABAergic interneurons.
Highlights
Environmental factors, such as maternal stress (MS), have been linked to psychiatric disorders in offspring, including schizophrenia.[1,2] In addition, psychological stress in pregnant women is associated with childhood adjustment disorders in their offspring.[3]
Effect of MS on the tangential migration of GABAergic neurons in GAD67+/green fluorescent protein (GFP) fetuses To determine whether prenatal stress retarded tangential migration and resulted in a decrease in GABAergic neurons in the neocortex, we examined the distribution of GABAergic neurons born before the stress period
Several TUNEL-positive cells were observed in the neocortex of both control (n = 3) and stressed (n = 4) fetal brains (Supplementary Figure 2b), whereas few cells were observed in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) (Supplementary Figure 2c)
Summary
Environmental factors, such as maternal stress (MS), have been linked to psychiatric disorders in offspring, including schizophrenia.[1,2] In addition, psychological stress in pregnant women is associated with childhood adjustment disorders in their offspring.[3]. During sensitive periods of development, adverse events such as stress can readily trigger epigenetic alterations, which can adversely affect physiological function and behavior in adulthood.[7,8] The fetal period involves dynamic development of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus (HIP), and excess stress hormone levels can cause cell loss in these sensitive brain areas.[9]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
