Abstract
In the present work, the morphology of L-type zeolite (LTL topology) has been modified in order to evaluate the influence of several protonated-form LTL-zeolites with different morphologies on their stability and catalytic performance in the conversion of glucose into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). Physico-chemical characterization of the LTL-based catalysts has revealed that the three types of morphologies (needle, short rod and cylinder) are active, providing complete glucose conversion and high 5-HMF yield values. The addition of CaCl2 had a positive influence on the catalytic performance. It was found that morphology influences the textural and acid properties of LTL-zeolites, and hence their catalytic performance. The best catalytic results have been obtained with the NEEDLE-LTL, showing nanoparticles with a length of 4.46 μm and a width of 0.63 μm, which attains a 5-HMF yield of 63%, at 175 °C after 90 min of reaction, and a glucose conversion of 88%. The reusability study has revealed a progressive decrease in 5-HMF yield after each catalytic cycle. Different regeneration methods have been essayed without recovering the initial catalytic activity. The presence of organic molecules in micropores has been demonstrated by TG analysis, which are difficult to remove even after a regeneration process at 550 °C.
Highlights
In recent years, much attention is being paid to the development of environmentally and economically viable synthetic routes and technologies for producing chemicals and fuels from non-fossil carbon sources as alternative to fossil raw materials [1]
Lignocellulosic biomass, mainly composed by lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, with an estimated annual production about 2 × 1011 metric tons, is the most abundant source of carbohydrates, but physico-chemical treatments are required for its use as a raw material [4]
The aim of this work is a thorough study of glucose dehydration for 5-HMF production (Scheme 1) using protonated L-type (H-LTL) zeolites with different morphologies, which have been characterized and their catalytic performance has been correlated with their textural and acid-base properties
Summary
Much attention is being paid to the development of environmentally and economically viable synthetic routes and technologies for producing chemicals and fuels from non-fossil carbon sources as alternative to fossil raw materials [1]. In this context, biomass is emerging as a very promising sustainable feedstock, being the only widely available and renewable carbon source [2,3]. Lignocellulosic biomass, mainly composed by lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, with an estimated annual production about 2 × 1011 metric tons, is the most abundant source of carbohydrates, but physico-chemical treatments are required for its use as a raw material [4]. 5-HMF can be transformed into 2,5-dimethylfuran [7] or levulinic acid [8,9], among others, which are key intermediates for the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, polymers or biofuels
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