Selective bladder preservation by trimodality therapy for patients with muscularis propria-invasive bladder cancer and who are cystectomy candidates—The Massachusetts General Hospital and Radiation Therapy Oncology Group experiences

Abstract

The Massachusetts General Hospital and the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group have been leading the charge for organ conservation in bladder cancer in North America for over two decades. In a series of six successive studies the group has refined the techniques and is now moving toward a translational future in which novel biologic agents will be combined with the best current strategies. The North American approach is characterized by its selective nature, in that it preselects patients likely to do well with a trimodality approach and then further selects according to the response to an induction course of chemotherapy and radiation. Only those who are complete responders move onto full dose. This "check point" allows salvage cystectomy to be performed on incomplete responders before they have had full-dose radiation. This preserves the urinary diversion options open to the surgeon as well as brings forward the time to a salvage procedure should it be needed.