Abstract
The FeBTC metal–organic framework (MOF) incorporated with magnetite is proposed as a novel material to solve water contamination with last generation pollutants. The material was synthesized by in situ solvothermal methods, and Fe3O4 nanoparticles were added during FeBTC MOF synthesis and used in drug adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy characterized the materials, with N2-physisorption at 77 K. Pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich models were used to describe the adsorption process. The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption of three drugs was a feasible, spontaneous exothermic process. The incorporation of magnetite nanoparticles in the FeBTC increased the adsorption capacity of pristine FeBTC. The Fe3O4–FeBTC material showed a maximum adsorption capacity for diclofenac sodium (DCF), then by ibuprofen (IB), and to a lesser extent by naproxen sodium (NS). Additionally, hybridization of the FeBTC with magnetite nanoparticles reinforced the most vulnerable part of the MOF, increasing the stability of its thermal and aqueous media. The electrostatic interaction, H-bonding, and interactions in the open-metal sites played vital roles in the drug adsorption. The sites’ competition in the multicomponent mixture’s adsorption showed selective adsorption (DCF) and (NS). This work shows how superficial modification with a low-surface-area MOF can achieve significant adsorption results in water pollutants.
Highlights
Many industrial pollutants can be found in wastewater
X-ray diffraction (XRD) obtained the structures of pristine FeBTC and composite material (Figure 2a)
We prepared a novel and stable composite material, FeBTC metal–organic framework (MOF), using a solvothermal method incorporating magnetite in situ. It was used for removing drug pollutants (naproxen sodium (NS), diclofenac sodium (DCF), and ibuprofen (IB)) in an aqueous medium
Summary
The industrial sector manufactures different chemical reagents to support factories or supply the market with the necessary nutritional, residential, farming, livestock, pharmaceutical, and personal products. Along with these products, the manufacturing sector generates great quantities of chemical waste that are released into the air, soil, and water. People and animals transform these products through use, generating residual inorganic and organic compounds from detergents, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products (PPCPs) [1]. These pollutants constitute a significant threat to flora and fauna and public health
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