Abstract
This paper aims to present a brief overview of different biosynthesis routes of silver nanoparticles (NPs), their applications and influence of the method used on the size and morphology of these nanoparticles. A detailed and comprehensive study of available biological methods, also referred to as a bottom-up approach, as well as techniques reported, have been provided with an eye for details and comparison between the techniques involving fungi, bacteria, algae and plant extracts. Plant-derived bioreductants such as leaf, stem or root extracts of various plants are seen as suitable solutions to green synthesis of silver NPs, implementing an easy, non-toxic, clean and environmentally friendly approach. Furthermore, reports on the antimicrobial activities with the zone of inhibition for various pathogens have also been included.
Highlights
The sphere of nanotechnology has been in the spotlight in recent years, as the remarkable growth of many important industries, such as chemicals, electronics, agriculture, medicine and the space industry, has been revolutionized due to its influence on the above-stated industries [1,2,3,4,5,6].The production of metallic nanoparticles is an active area for researchers for academic purposes as well as in the development of nanotechnology
The results show potential for industrial applications of biological systems owing to kinetics and simple conditions such as room temperature and single step procedure [123]
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles can be carried out by biological methods in which the biological species range from bacteria, fungi and algae to plants capable of reducing silver ions to metallic silver nanoparticles
Summary
The sphere of nanotechnology has been in the spotlight in recent years, as the remarkable growth of many important industries, such as chemicals, electronics, agriculture, medicine and the space industry, has been revolutionized due to its influence on the above-stated industries [1,2,3,4,5,6].The production of metallic nanoparticles is an active area for researchers for academic purposes as well as in the development of nanotechnology. Metallic nanoparticles have attracted significant attention as they are observed to have unusual physical and chemical properties, which significantly differ from their properties when taken in bulk amounts [7, 8]. Any change in their size would cause a direct change in the catalytic, electronic and optical properties of the nanoparticles [9,10,11,12]. AgNPs have assorted application, such as pigments, photographics, wound treatment and conductive/autostatic composites [42] Such a wide variety of applications has led researchers to design better and more economical ways for the production of AgNPs on a large scale. The design of experimental methods for the production of nanoparticles with different chemical composition, sizes, shapes and dispersity is an important facet of nanotechnology [3, 43, 44]
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