Selection of pulse sequences producing maximum tissue contrast in magnetic resonance imaging

Abstract

The importance of spin density [ N(H)] and spin-lattice ( T 1) and spin-spin ( T 2) relaxation in the characterization of tissue by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is clearly recognized. This work considers which optimized pulse sequences provide the best tissue discrimination between a given pair of tissues. The effects of tissue spin density and machine-imposed minimum rephasing echo times (TE MIN) for achieving maximum signal tissue contrast are discussed. A long TE MIN sacrifices T 1-dependent contrast in saturation recovery (SR) and inversion recovery (IR) pulse sequences so that spin-echo (SE) becomes the optimum sequence to provide tissue contrast, due to T 2 relaxation. Pulse sequences providing superior performance may be selected based on spin density and T 1 and T 2 ratios for a given pair of tissues. Selection of the preferred pulse sequence and interpulse delay times to produce maximum tissue contrast is strongly dependent on knowledge of tissue spin densities as well as T 1 and T 2 characteristics. As the spin density ratio increases, IR replaces SR as the preferred sequence and SE replaces IR and SR as the pulse sequence providing superior contrast. To select the optimal pulse sequence and interpulse delay times, an accurate knowledge of tissue spin density, T 1 and T 2 must be known for each tissue.