Abstract
Several treatment modalities have been proposed to regenerate bone, including guided bone regeneration (GBR) where barrier membranes play an important role by isolating soft tissue and allowing bone to grow. Not all membranes biologically behave the same way, as they differ from their origin and structure, with reflections on their mechanical properties and on their clinical performance. Collagen membranes have been widely used in medicine and dentistry, because of their high biocompatibility and capability of promoting wound healing. Recently, collagen membranes have been applied in guided bone regeneration with comparable outcomes to non-resorbable membranes. Aim of this work is to provide a review on the main features, application, outcomes, and clinical employment of the different types of collagen membranes. Comparisons with non-resorbable membranes are clarified, characteristics of cross-linked collagen versus native collagen, use of different grafting materials and need for membrane fixation are explored in order to gain awareness of the indications and limits and to be able to choose the right membrane required by the clinical condition.
Highlights
Collagens are a family of different types of structural proteins found in many human tissues, such as skin, blood vessels, and bone
The following keywords were used in different combinations: “Guided Bone Regeneration,” “guided bone regeneration (GBR),”
The first membranes made of polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE; Teflon), had been shown to halt the migration of epithelial cells to the regenerating site where bone had to be produced [22,24,25,26]
Summary
Collagens are a family of different types of structural proteins found in many human tissues, such as skin, blood vessels, and bone. Collagen can be synthetized by many specialized cells in the human body, depending on the localization; fibroblasts are responsible for collagen production in the connective tissue while osteoblasts for the bone [1]. Other than structural, including low immunogenicity, good hemostatic capacity, a chemotactic action on regenerative cells such as fibroblasts and osteoblasts and, lastly, good dimensional stability. In nature it is arranged into a triple helix structure, called collagen fibril. There are different types of collagen, depending on the location and function
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