Abstract
The glycosciences aim to understand the impact of extracellular and intracellular carbohydrate structures on biological function. These glycans primarily fall into three major groups: lipid-linked carbohydrates that are referred to as glycosphingolipids or simply glycolipids; relatively short carbohydrate chains that are often O- or N-linked to proteins yielding common glycoproteins; and extended linear polymeric carbohydrate structures that are referred to as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Whereas, the impact of such carbohydrate structures has been extensively examined in cancer biology, their role in acute and chronic heart disease is less studied. In this context, a growing body of evidence indicates that glycans play an important role in immune mediated cell recruitment to damaged heart tissue to initiate wound healing and repair after injury. This is particularly important following ischemia and reperfusion that occurs in the heart in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. Here, immune system-mediated repair of the damaged myocardium plays a critical role in determining post-infarction ventricular remodeling, cardiac function, and patient outcome. Further, alterations in immune cell activity can promote the development of heart failure. The present review summarizes our current understanding of the phases of immune-mediated repair following myocardial infarction. It discusses what is known regarding glycans in mediating the recruitment of circulating immune cells during the early inflammatory stage of post-infarction repair, with focus on the selectin family of adhesion molecules. It offers future directions for research aimed at utilizing our knowledge of mechanisms underlying immune cell recruitment to either modulate leukocyte recruitment to the injured tissue or enhance the targeted delivery of biologic therapeutics such as stem cells in an attempt to promote repair of the damaged heart.
Highlights
Frontiers in ImmunologyReceived: 02 November 2018 Accepted: 05 February 2019 Published: 27 February 2019. Myocardial Infarction and Post-infarction Ventricular Remodeling: Pathophysiology and
Cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction (MI), and heart failure, represent a primary cause of morbidity and mortality in Western civilization and are rapidly becoming a major epidemic in developing and underdeveloped nations
Silver et al tested CY-1503 in a large animal model and found a nearly 70% reduction in infarct size relative to the ischemic area-at-risk 1-h after reperfusion, with a marked reduction in myeloperoxidase activity compared with controls that was consistent with reduced neutrophil infiltration in CY-1503-treated animals [87]
Summary
Received: 02 November 2018 Accepted: 05 February 2019 Published: 27 February 2019. Myocardial Infarction and Post-infarction Ventricular Remodeling: Pathophysiology and. The impact of such carbohydrate structures has been extensively examined in cancer biology, their role in acute and chronic heart disease is less studied In this context, a growing body of evidence indicates that glycans play an important role in immune mediated cell recruitment to damaged heart tissue to initiate wound healing and repair after injury. The present review summarizes our current understanding of the phases of immune-mediated repair following myocardial infarction It discusses what is known regarding glycans in mediating the recruitment of circulating immune cells during the early inflammatory stage of post-infarction repair, with focus on the selectin family of adhesion molecules.
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