Abstract
BackgroundDisturbances in the levels of serum constituents occurring in chronic renal diseases can be reflected in the saliva composition. The aim of this study was to assess some selected salivary components in children suffering from idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (iNS).MethodsA case–control study was performed on iNS and healthy participants. In unstimulated mixed saliva, pH, buffer capacity, total protein, α-amylase, peroxidase, calcium, magnesium, inorganic phosphate, fluoride, urea, uric acid and salivary flow rate were measured. Oral condition was assessed using dmft, DMFT, API and GI indices, usage of fluoride specimens and frequency of tooth brushing. Statistical analysis was performed by Shapiro–Wilk, Brown-Forsythe, Student’s t, ANOVA, Tukey’s and Pearson’s chi-square tests, Pearson’s and Spearman’s correlations, logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.ResultsThe study involved 94 participants of both genders aged 4–17 (47 cases in relapse or remission phase of iNS and 47 controls) who were treated in the clinic of pediatric nephrology or outpatient dental clinic. Neither group differed in the number of caries-affected primary and permanent teeth, gingival condition or use of fluoride specimens. The iNS group presented lower levels of magnesium (0.41 ± 0.34 vs. 0.60 ± 0.38 mg/dL, P < 0.05) and fluoride (0.15 ± 0.10 vs. 0.21 ± 0.10 ppm, P < 0.01) and higher contents of urea (35.19 ± 15.55 vs. 25.21 ± 10.78 mg/dL, P < 0.01) and uric acid (2.90 ± 1.23 vs. 2.34 ± 1.04 mg/dL, P < 0.05) than the controls. In the iNS participants with relapse, a higher peroxidase activity and lower magnesium content than in the remission phase were found. ROC analysis showed a weak discriminatory power of these salivary constituents for the differentiation of participants with and without disease (accuracy from 66.0 to 67.0%, area under the ROC curve (AUC) from 0.638 to 0.682) and the relapse and remission phases (accuracy 70.2% and 68.1% and AUC 0.717 and 0.675, respectively).ConclusionsLevels of urea, uric acid, magnesium and fluoride in saliva can be associated with the course of iNS. Salivary levels of peroxidase and magnesium can be related to the phase of the disease. However, the measurements of these parameters cannot be useful as a noninvasive tool in diagnosing iNS and the phase of the disease.
Highlights
Disturbances in the levels of serum constituents occurring in chronic renal diseases can be reflected in the saliva composition
The idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome (iNS) participants were treated in the Department and Clinic of Pediatric Nephrology, and controls were healthy outpatients attending the dental clinic at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Pedodontics of Wroclaw Medical University, Poland
Distribution of the participants Ninety-four participants were included in the study; half of them suffered from idiopathic steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome, and the remaining participants were healthy
Summary
Disturbances in the levels of serum constituents occurring in chronic renal diseases can be reflected in the saliva composition. Nephrotic syndrome is a common chronic glomerular disease occurring in childhood [1, 2]. This disease can be caused by minimal-change nephrotic syndrome, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, membranous. An abnormality of the permselectivity barrier of the glomerular capillary wall, which is unable to restrict the loss of protein, causes the loss of protein with urine. Clinical symptoms can include edema of the legs and face, ascites, weight gain, feeling very tired, not feeling hungry, and foamy or bubbly urine [1]
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