Abstract
Garcinia gummi-gutta (GGG) rind extract is effective for reducing appetite, body weight and adiposity of obese rodents fed high-fat (HF), high-sugar (HS) or high fat/sugar (HFS)-based diets, but these effects have not been simultaneously evaluated. Thirty obese (~425 g) male Wistar rats were fed for eleven weeks with six hypercaloric diets (4.1 kcal/g; five rats/diet) non-supplemented (HF, HS, HFS), or supplemented (HF+, HS+, HFS+) with GGG extract (5.9%), while rats from the control group (375 g) were fed a normocaloric diet (3.5 kcal/g). Body weight, dietary intake, body fat distribution, and histological and biochemical parameters were recorded. Compared to control rats, non-supplemented and supplemented groups consumed significantly less food (14.3% and 24.6% (−4.3 g/day), respectively) (p < 0.05). Weight loss was greater in the HF+ group (35–52 g), which consumed 1.9 times less food than the HS+ or HFS+ fed groups. The HF and HFS groups showed 40% less plasma triacylglycerides and lower glucose levels compared to the HF+. GGG-supplemented diets were associated with lower ketonuria. The HF+ diet was associated with the best anti-adiposity effect (as measured with the dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and Soxhlet methods). The severity of hepatocyte lipidosis was HF > control > HF+, and no signs of toxicity in the testes were observed. The results indicate that GGG is more effective when co-administered with HF diets in obese rats.
Highlights
Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ) has become the most important public health burden worldwide
Initial body weights were higher for the rats from the non-supplemented (47–59 g) and supplemented groups (39–58 g; except high fat/sugar (HFS)+), compared to the control rats, placing them above the 97th body weight percentile [20]
We would like to highlight that our results showed that high in total fat (HF)+ fed rats consumed less Garcinia gummi-gutta (GGG) rind extract (0.1 g/day) than the high sugar (HS)+ and HFS+ fed groups, which would translate as a limited effect from hydroxycitric acid (HCA), but this did not occur
Summary
Overweight/obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 ) has become the most important public health burden worldwide. Many pharmacological (e.g., Orlistat® ), dietary (e.g., low-fat/low-carbohydrate dietary regimes) and physical activity-based interventions aimed at reducing body fat stores have been shown to be effective under strict clinical supervision [3,4,5]. Most of those strategies rely on people’s behavioral changes towards a healthier lifestyle, compromising adherence if behavioral changes are not achieved [6]; pharmacological therapies are sometimes inefficient, expensive and may cause negative side effects [3]. Overweight/obese subjects are continuously seeking practical alternatives to improve their body weight, turning to over-the-counter (OTC) nutritional supplements, which are widely accepted by these users, leading to a specific market segment of nearly
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