Selected ions and major and trace elements as contaminants in coal-waste dump water from the Lower and Upper Silesian Coal Basins (Poland)

Lucyna Lewińska-Preis,Ewa Szram,Magdalena Misz-Kennan,Ádám Nádudvari,Andrzej Kita,Anna Abramowicz,Monika J Fabiańska,Łukasz Kruszewski

doi:10.1007/s40789-021-00421-9

Abstract

Many temporary and permanent reservoirs of water occur on or near coal-waste dumps in the Lower- and Upper Silesian Coal Basins (Poland). Little or nothing is known of the degree to which their water chemistry might reflect (i) reservoir type, i.e., whether permanent or temporary, (ii) level of coal-waste thermal activity, i.e., whether inactive or self-heating or burnt-out or (iii) region, i.e., whether the dumps are in Upper- or Lower Silesia. To provide some answers, concentrations of selected ions (NH4+, HCO3−, F−, Cl−, Br−, NO2−, NO3−, PO43−,SO42−) were determined by ion chromatography and of nineteen elements (Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Pb, S, Si, Sr, Zn) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The data allow a number of the following observations. When permanent reservoirs are considered, there is a clear relationship between concentrations of ions and major and trace elements and dump thermal activity. The highest concentrations occur where the thermal activity is high as inorganic components are transformed into more water-soluble forms. As dump thermal activity shows a regional pattern, it follows also that elemental and ion concentrations in the dump waters show significant regional differences. In temporary reservoirs, concentrations of ions and major and trace elements are much lower and any correlations between components less significant than in the permanent reservoirs; these reservoirs exist for too short a time for any balance between coal waste- and water components to be established.

Highlights

1.1 Coal waste and coal-waste dump watersThe coal industry everywhere generates large amounts of waste rock mainly stored in dumps and landfills
Little or nothing is known of the degree to which their water chemistry might reflect (i) reservoir type, i.e., whether permanent or temporary, (ii) level of coal-waste thermal activity, i.e., whether inactive or self-heating or burnt-out or (iii) region, i.e., whether the dumps are in Upper- or Lower Silesia
In the Upper Silesia Coal Basin (USCB)-R set, 78% of samples come from lakes and, in the USCB dumps—the Katowice Region (USCB-K) set, 20%

Summary

Introduction

1.1 Coal waste and coal-waste dump watersThe coal industry everywhere generates large amounts of waste rock mainly stored in dumps and landfills. Due to the sorption capacity of clay minerals, waste rock can host a variety of trace elements, including rare earth elements (Finkelman 2004; Ribeiro et al 2010; Zhou et al 2012; Nowak 2013; Ciesielczuk et al 2014; Yang et al 2016; Nowak and Kokowska-Pawłowska 2017; Guo 2018). During weathering, these can be transferred to soil and water. As Na and Ca mineral dissolution may give rise to insoluble sulfate minerals, e.g., jarosite and gypsum, that act as a buffer maintaining leachate pH close to neutral, mobilization of iron and trace metals is minimized (Huggins et al 2011)

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