Abstract
This review paper discusses the basic problems related to the use of cohesive models to simulate the initiation and development of failure in various types of engineering issues. The most commonly used cohesive zone models (CZMs) are described. Recent achievements in the field of cohesive modeling are characterized, with particular emphasis on the problem of mixed mode loading, the influence of the strain rate, the stress state triaxiality, and fatigue. A separate chapter of the work is devoted to the identification of cohesive parameters. Examples of the use of CZMs for the analysis of the fracture and failure process in various applications, both on the macro and microscopic scale, are given. The directions of CZMs development were indicated as well as the issues that are currently under particularly intensive development.
Highlights
The long service life and wear of technical infrastructure elements make it necessary to implement advanced computational methods that allow for the assessment of their operational safety, especially in the presence of damage such as voids and cracks
Starting from the twentieth century, fracture mechanics provided various types of solutions allowing for predicting the structural integrity of elements containing defects
The comparative analysis of the results showed that, contrary to the view widespread in literature, the choice of the traction–separation laws (TSL) curve shape had a significant effect on the coincidence of the predicted and experimental force-displacement curves, i.e., only the bilinear model ensures high quality of the obtained simulation results
Summary
The long service life and wear of technical infrastructure elements make it necessary to implement advanced computational methods that allow for the assessment of their operational safety, especially in the presence of damage such as voids and cracks. The material continuum is adopted, taking into consideration the phenomena occurring around the crack tip This type of approach has been used for a long time, its significant limitation is the difficulty of transferring the results obtained from the laboratory experiments to the full scale structural elements. Another approach involves application of phenomenological models, for instance, cohesive models, widely described in the literature Their idea is to separate the process zone, in which the damage development is expected, and to assign a stress-displacement relation, with the simultaneous formulation of the failure criterion. Cohesive models are currently used for a wide range of materials (metals, polymers, ceramics, composites, etc.)
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