Seizure-Induced Sympathoexcitation Is Caused by Activation of Glutamatergic Receptors in RVLM That Also Causes Proarrhythmogenic Changes Mediated by PACAP and Microglia in Rats.

Abstract

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy is a major cause of death in epilepsy. Generally, seizures are accompanied by changes in brain function leading to uncontrolled nerve activity causing high blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and abnormal heart rhythm. Nevertheless, the brain chemicals causing these cardiovascular changes are unknown. Chemicals, such as glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, whose expression is increased after seizures, act on specific cardiovascular nuclei in the brain and influence the activity of the heart, and blood vessels. Microglia, which manage excitation in the brain, are commonly activated after seizure and produce pro- and/or anti-inflammatory factors. Hence, we aimed to determine the effects of blocking glutamate, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, and microglia in the RVLM and their contribution to cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in seizure.