Abstract
The p-wave double-frequency (DF) microseisms generated by super typhoon Lupit (14–26 October 2009) over the western Pacific Ocean were detected by an on-land seismological array deployed in Northeastern China. We applied a frequency-domain beamforming method to investigate their source regions. Comparing with the best-track data and satellite observations, the located source regions of the p-wave DF microseisms, which corresponded to the strongest ocean wave–wave interactions, were found to be comparable to the typhoon centers in the microseismic frequency band of ~0.18–0.21 Hz. The p-wave DF microseisms were probably excited by the nonlinear interaction of ocean waves generated by the typhoon at different times, in good agreement with the Longuet–Higgins theory for the generation of DF microseisms. The localization deviation, which was ~120 km for typhoon Lupit in this study, might depend on the speed and direction of typhoon movement, the geometry of the seismological array, and the heterogeneity of the solid Earth structure. The p-wave DF microseisms generated in coastal source regions were also observed in the beamformer outputs, but with relatively lower dominant frequency band of ~0.14–0.16 Hz. These observations show that the p-wave DF microseisms generated near typhoon centers could be used as a seismic remote sensing proxy to locate and track typhoons over the oceans from under water in a near-real-time and continuous manner.
Highlights
Typhoons usually induce tremendous damage to society, but are still difficult to monitor in real time because of the lack of in situ observations under such extreme weather conditions during the typhoon’s passage
The source regions of the p-wave DF microseisms generated by typhoon Lupit were successfully revealed and located via frequency-domain beamforming method with the continuous seismic records at the NECESSArray
Compared with the track of typhoon Lupit, which is indicated by solid circles spaced in 6-h time intervals with the white one representing the current location of typhoon center according to the best-track data of RsuepgpiolenmaleSnpt.ecialized Meteorological Center (RSMC), the source region of the p-wave DF microseisms is mainly located behind the current typhoon center, as observed by Zhang et al [15]
Summary
Typhoons usually induce tremendous damage to society, but are still difficult to monitor in real time because of the lack of in situ observations under such extreme weather conditions during the typhoon’s passage. A new way of ocean storm monitoring based on acoustic and seismic records of the typhoon-generated noise has emerged recently [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8], which could estimate the wind speed of typhoons or remotely sense typhoon movement from underneath the typhoon or even from the solid Earth beneath the water. According to the color and texture features of the true color MODIS images created from MODIS Level 1B image and geolocation data, the nephogram and the locations of the typhoon center were distinguished visually and utilized to compare with the location results by the seismic remote sensing method in this paper
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