Seismic Facies Analysis: A Deep Domain Adaptation Approach

Abstract

Deep neural networks (DNNs) can learn accurately from large quantities of labeled input data but often fail to do so when labeled data are scarce. DNNs sometimes fail to generalize on test data sampled from different input distributions. Unsupervised deep domain adaptation (DDA) techniques have been proven useful when no labels are available and when distribution shifts are observed in the target domain (TD). In this study, experiments are performed on seismic images of the F3 block 3-D dataset from offshore Netherlands [source domain (SD)] and Penobscot 3-D survey data from Canada (TD). Three geological classes from SD and TD that have similar reflection patterns are considered. A DNN architecture named EarthAdaptNet (EAN) is proposed to semantically segment the seismic images when few classes have data scarcity, and we use a transposed residual unit to replace the traditional dilated convolution in the decoder block. The EAN achieved a pixel-level accuracy >84% and an accuracy of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 70$ </tex-math></inline-formula> % for the minority classes, showing improved performance compared to existing architectures. In addition, we introduce the correlation alignment (CORAL) method to the EAN to create an unsupervised deep domain adaptation network (EAN-DDA) for the classification of seismic reflections from F3 and Penobscot to demonstrate possible approaches when labeled data are unavailable. Maximum class accuracy achieved was <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim 99$ </tex-math></inline-formula> % for class 2 of Penobscot with an overall accuracy >50%. Taken together, the EAN-DDA has the potential to classify TD seismic facies classes with high accuracy.