Abstract
Seismic evaluation is one of the important ways to validate that buildings can resist the earthquake loads. The seismic evaluation is classified into global and local checking; the global includes the overall lateral deflection and inter-story drift, the local involves the plastic hinge formed in the structural elements (beams, columns, shear wall, etc.) of the buildings. This paper includes the seismic evaluation techniques according to previous international codes. These codes include ATC-40, FEMA-273, FEMA-356, FEMA-440, ASCE41-13, Euro code 8, Japanese standard code, and Newzland code. This study showed that the seismic evaluation techniques introduced in FEMA-440 and the Japanese standard code are almost complete compared with the other techniques in the other codes.
Highlights
An elastic analysis gives a good indication of the elastic capacity of structures and indicates where first yielding will occur, it cannot predict failure mechanisms and account for redistribution of forces during progressive yielding (Giordano M., et al, 2008)
To convert multi-degree of freedom (MDOF) capacity curve to single degree of freedom (SDOF) capacity curve in the format of the Acceleration-Displacement Response Spectra (ADRS) format (Sa versus Sd), the modal participation factor PF1 and the modal mass coefficient α must first be calculated by using equations(3) and (4)
Where the value for Rmax is exceeded, a Nonlinear Dynamic Procedures (NDP) analysis is recommended to capture strength degradation and dynamic P-Δ effects to confirm the dynamic stability of the building
Summary
An elastic analysis gives a good indication of the elastic capacity of structures and indicates where first yielding will occur, it cannot predict failure mechanisms and account for redistribution of forces during progressive yielding (Giordano M., et al, 2008). Practicing engineers use inelastic analysis procedures for the seismic evaluation and design of upgrades of the existing building and other structures, as well as the design of new construction. The use of inelastic procedures helps to demonstrate how the building behaves by identifying modes of failure and the potential for progressive collapse Pushover methods are especially useful for the evaluation of existing buildings (usually not originally designed with seismic requirements) Pushover analysis is based on the assumption that the dynamic response of the structure is controlled by the elastic fundamental mode, which is the case for most regular buildings 2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE This research illustrates the differences and the sensitivity of seismic performance levels of the buildings due to the use of various techniques of seismic evaluation and retrofitting relied on various international codes. Various codes display the principle concepts to find the seismic performance level of the buildings
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