Abstract
Pipe structures are considered as fluid conduits beneath cold seeps. These structures have been observed in many geological settings and are widely accepted as the most critical pathway for fluid migration. One of such pipe structures in the Haima cold seep region is investigated herein. The pipe structure extends from below the BSR and reaches the seafloor. It is characterized by a string of events with short and strong seismic amplitudes, similar to the string of bead reflections (SBRs) associated with small-scale caves in carbonate reservoirs. This leads to the hypothesis that multiple small-scale bodies exist within the pipe structure. We test this hypothesis by analysis of diffraction waves and numerical seismic modeling. Travel time pattern analysis indicates that the diffractors within the pipe structure caused the rich diffraction waves on the shot records, and the reversed polarity indicates that the diffractors have a lower impedance than the surrounding sediments. These low-impedance bodies are interpreted as gas pockets within the pipe structures. Based on these interpretations, a conceptual model is proposed to describe the fluid migration process within the pipe. Briefly, we propose that gas pockets within the pipe structure could be analogue to the magma chambers located beneath volcanoes and this may provide a new insight into how gases migrate through the pipe structure and reach the seafloor.
Highlights
Cold seeps are areas on the seafloor where cold hydrocarbonrich fluid leaks into the ocean water from the seafloor sediments
The controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) method has been used to study the internal structure in several sites around the world, such as at the Vestnesa Ridge [25], in the western Svalbard continental slope [26], and off Norway [27]
Diffractions are mostly observed between shot records 1760 and 1830 (Figure 6)
Summary
Cold seeps are areas on the seafloor where cold hydrocarbonrich fluid leaks into the ocean water from the seafloor sediments. The occurrence of cold seeps can be inferred from the interpretation of acoustic gas flares on high-frequency acoustic data from the water column and from the presence of chemosynthetic biotics and authigenic carbonate Such gas flares have been observed in most of the oceans around the world, such as the Hydrate Ridge [6], Barbados [7], Costa Rica [8], Hikurangi Margin [9], Gulf of Mexico [10], Mediterranean [11], Black Sea [12], U.S Atlantic margin [13, 14], Sub-Antarctic island [15], and the Svalbard continental margin [16]. Despite all efforts, the internal structure of the pipe structure is still not well understood, partially due to the small width of the conduit compared to the spatial resolution of most geophysical methods
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