Seismic Damage Semantics on Post-Earthquake LOD3 Building Models Generated by UAS

Konstantinos Chaidas,Nikolaos Soulakellis,George Tataris

doi:10.3390/ijgi10050345

Konstantinos Chaidas, Nikolaos Soulakellis + Show 1 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10050345

Copy DOI

Abstract

In a post-earthquake scenario, the semantic enrichment of 3D building models with seismic damage is crucial from the perspective of disaster management. This paper aims to present the methodology and the results for the Level of Detail 3 (LOD3) building modelling (after an earthquake) with the enrichment of the semantics of the seismic damage based on the European Macroseismic Scale (EMS-98). The study area is the Vrisa traditional settlement on the island of Lesvos, Greece, which was affected by a devastating earthquake of Mw = 6.3 on 12 June 2017. The applied methodology consists of the following steps: (a) unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) nadir and oblique images are acquired and photogrammetrically processed for 3D point cloud generation, (b) 3D building models are created based on 3D point clouds and (c) 3D building models are transformed into a LOD3 City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) standard with enriched semantics of the related seismic damage of every part of the building (walls, roof, etc.). The results show that in following this methodology, CityGML LOD3 models can be generated and enriched with buildings’ seismic damage. These models can assist in the decision-making process during the recovery phase of a settlement as well as be the basis for its monitoring over time. Finally, these models can contribute to the estimation of the reconstruction cost of the buildings.

Highlights

Over the past few years, 3D representation of spatial objects from buildings to whole cities has become increasingly important for a better understanding of the modern world.Three-dimensional models are digital objects that represent urban spatial data of theEarth’s surface [1]
The evaluation of the point clouds created by the processing of vertical and oblique images was conducted in comparison with the terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) point cloud
High-resolution nadir and oblique images were acquired and processed, and 3D point clouds of two seismically damaged buildings were produced. These 3D point clouds were used to generate Level of Detail 3 (LOD3) models of two buildings and subsequently, they were transformed into the City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) standard

Summary

Introduction

Over the past few years, 3D representation of spatial objects from buildings to whole cities has become increasingly important for a better understanding of the modern world.Three-dimensional models are digital objects that represent urban spatial data of theEarth’s surface [1]. Three-dimensional models are digital objects that represent urban spatial data of the. Three-dimensional models had the disadvantage that they only serve as graphical or geometrical models ignoring semantics and topology. These models could only be used for visualization purposes, but not for thematic queries, analysis tasks, and spatial data mining [5]. The semantics are important for the structural complexity of urban objects. CityGML is an international standard created by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and it is based on XML format for the storage, representation and exchange of 3D models [5,7,8,9]

Objectives

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion