Segmentation of the prostate, its zones, anterior fibromuscular stroma, and urethra on the MRIs and multimodality image fusion using U-Net model.

Abstract

BackgroundDue to the large variability in the prostate gland of different patient groups, manual segmentation is time-consuming and subject to inter-and intra-reader variations. Hence, we propose a U-Net model to automatically segment the prostate and its zones, including the peripheral zone (PZ), transitional zone (TZ), anterior fibromuscular stroma (AFMS), and urethra on the MRI [T2-weighted (T2W), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC)], and multimodality image fusion.MethodsA total of 91 eligible patients were retrospectively identified; 50 patients were considered for training process in a 10-fold cross-validation fashion and 41 ones for external test. Firstly, images were registered, and cropping was performed through a bounding box. In addition to T2W, DWI, and ADC separately, fused images were used. We considered three combinations, including T2W + DWI, T2W + ADC, and DWI + ADC, using wavelet transform. U-Net was applied to segment the prostate and its zones, AFMS, and urethra in a 10-fold cross-validation fashion. Eventually, dice score (DSC), intersection over union (IoU), precision, recall, and Hausdorff distance (HD) were used to evaluate the proposed model.ResultsUsing T2W images alone on the external test images, higher DSC, IoU, precision, and recall was achieved than the individual DWI and ADC images. DSC of 95%, 94%,98%, 94%, and 88%, IoU of 88%, 88.5%, 96%, 90%, and 79%, precision of 95.9%, 93.9%, 97.6%, 93.83%, and 87.82%, and recall of 94.2%, 94.2%, 98.3%, 94%, 87.93% was achieved for the whole prostate, PZ, TZ, urethra, and AFMS, respectively. The results clearly show that the best segmentation was obtained when the model is trained using T2W + DWI images. DSC of 99.06%, 99,05%, 99.04%, 99.09%, and 98.08%, IoU of 97.09%, 97.02%, 98.12%, 98.13%, and 96%, precision of 99.24%, 98.22%, 98.91%, 99.23%, and 98.9%, and recall of 98.3%, 99.8%, 99.02%, 98.93%, and 97.51% was achieved for the whole prostate, PZ, TZ, urethra, and AFMS, respectively. The min of the HD in the testing set for three combinations was 0.29 for the T2W + ADC procedure in the whole prostate class.ConclusionsBetter performance was achieved using T2W + DWI images than T2W, DWI, and ADC separately or T2W + ADC and DWI + ADC in combination.