Segmentation of megathrust rupture zones from fore‐arc deformation patterns over hundreds to millions of years, Arauco peninsula, Chile

Abstract

This work explores the control of fore‐arc structure on segmentation of megathrust earthquake ruptures using coastal geomorphic markers. The Arauco‐Nahuelbuta region at the south‐central Chile margin constitutes an anomalous fore‐arc sector in terms of topography, geology, and exhumation, located within the overlap between the Concepción and Valdivia megathrust segments. This boundary, however, is only based on ∼500 years of historical records. We integrate deformed marine terraces dated by cosmogenic nuclides, syntectonic sediments, published fission track data, seismic reflection profiles, and microseismicity to analyze this earthquake boundary over 102–106years. Rapid exhumation of Nahuelbuta's dome‐like core started at 4 ± 1.2 Ma, coeval with inversion of the adjacent Arauco basin resulting in emergence of the Arauco peninsula. Here, similarities between topography, spatiotemporal trends in fission track ages, Pliocene‐Pleistocene growth strata, and folded marine terraces suggest that margin‐parallel shortening has dominated since Pliocene time. This shortening likely results from translation of a fore‐arc sliver or microplate, decoupled from South America by an intra‐arc strike‐slip fault. Microplate collision against a buttress leads to localized uplift at Arauco accrued by deep‐seated reverse faults, as well as incipient oroclinal bending. The extent of the Valdivia segment, which ruptured last in 1960 with anMw9.5 event, equals the inferred microplate. We propose that mechanical homogeneity of the fore‐arc microplate delimits the Valdivia segment and that a marked discontinuity in the continental basement at Arauco acts as an inhomogeneous barrier controlling nucleation and propagation of 1960‐type ruptures. As microplate‐related deformation occurs since the Pliocene, we propose that this earthquake boundary and the extent of the Valdivia segment are spatially stable seismotectonic features at million year scale.