Seed-Germination Ecology of Vicia villosa Roth, a Cover Crop in Orchards

Abstract

Vicia villosa Roth is an annual cover crop that is widely grown in orchards in China. Information on seed ecology is valuable as it helps famers to plant cover crops and manage other weed species in agricultural practice; however, information on V. villosa seed-germination ecology is limited. Thus, this study investigated the seed germination and seedling emergence of V. villosa under various temperatures, photoperiods, levels of salt stress, pH, levels of osmotic stress, and burial depths. The results showed that the germination values of the V. villosa seeds were greater than 93% at the constant temperature range of 5–30 °C and fluctuating temperatures of 5/15 °C–20/30 °C; in particular, the germination of the seeds peaked 20 °C and 15/25 °C, with germination values of 95% and 94.5%, respectively. Light was not necessary for the V. villosa seeds’ germination. When the pH was in the range of 5–10, the germination values of the V. villosa seeds fluctuated between 85% and 94%, and obvious inhibition of germination was observed at pH = 4, with a germination value of 15%. The Vicia villosa seeds exhibited obvious salt tolerance, and the seed-germination value was still greater than 50% when the salt concentration reached 280 mM. The seeds were relatively sensitive to osmotic stress, and the germination value was lower than 50% when the osmotic potential was −0.5 MPa. In addition, the germination value of the seeds peaked when the seeds were 1–2 cm underneath the ground; in particular, the seeds still germinated and emerged when the seeds were buried in soli at a depth of 10 cm. These results confirmed that V. villosa, as a cover crop, has considerable potential to be planted and grown in orchards in China and, furthermore, that it may contribute to early weed management in fields, supporting the establishment of V. villosa populations.