Sediment contaminants and microtox toxicity tested in a direct contact exposure test

Abstract

Limnic and brackish water sediments were tested in a modified contact exposure bioluminescence test, the Microtox test. A variety of chemical constituents were analyzed in the sediments such as metals, chlorinated pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Sulfur in the common elemental form and pore water hydrogen sulfide were also analyzed. The measured effect in the Microtox toxicity test was correlated with the various chemical parameters to determine the origin of the toxic effect. Based on multivariate data anlaysis, a group of metals including Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd were correlated positively with the Microtox toxicity tested in the direct contact test. Similarly, but to a lesser extent sulfur, hydrogen sulfide, and the pesticides p,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDD were also correlated. Other pesticides and all the analyzed polychlorinated biphenyls were poorly, if at all, correlated with the toxicity of the samples. In a comparison with the Microtox toxicity of the pure compounds, it was found that, of the analyzed and tested compounds, Zn, Pb, Cu, and elemental sulfur were present in amounts high enough to produce an effect in the test system. This calculation was, however, based on the assumption (unrealistic) that the total amount of a compound in the sediment was available in the test. On the other hand, the metals Cd, Cr, and Ni were found at concentrations of a few percent or less of their EC50 concentrations in the Microtox test of the sediment, γ-Hexachlorocyclohexane and p,p′-DDT were also far less than the concentration required to give an effect in the test system. The pore water content of hydrogen sulfide was also too small to affect the test organism at the EC50 dilution and, similarly, the fraction of the toxicant in the remaining aqueous phase in the sediment after separation of the pore water. Thus only the three metals Zn, Pb, and Cu, and elemental sulfur, were found in concentrations that would give an effect in the test system (0.68–398 times the effect), provided that the substances were available for the organisms. Consequently, elemental sulfur, Zn, Pb, and Cu were indicated as causing the effect in the Microtox test of sediments and not a series of other metal ions, nor tested chloropesticides or chlorinated biphenyls. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.