Sedative-hypnotic effects of midazolam in goats after intravenous and intramuscular administration

Abstract

ObjectiveTo examine the effect of dose and route of administration on the sedative-hypnotic effects of midazolam. DesignProspective randomized controlled study AnimalsSix indigenous, African bred goats. MethodsPilot studies indicated that the optimum dose of midazolam for producing sedation was 0.6 mg kg−1 for intramuscular (IM) injection, while the optimum intravenous (IV) doses causing hypnosis without, and with loss of palpebral reflexes were 0.6 mg kg−1 and 1.2 mg kg−1, respectively. These doses and routes of administration were compared with a saline placebo in a randomized block design in the main experiment, and the sedative-hypnotic effects evaluated according to pre-determined scales. ResultsIntramuscular midazolam produced sedation with or without sternal recumbency in all animals with the peak effect occurring 20 minutes after administration. The scores for IM sedation with midazolam were significantly different (p < 0.05) from placebo. Intravenous midazolam at 0.6 mg kg−1 resulted in hypnosis, and at 1.2 mg kg−1 increased reflex suppression was observed. The maximum scores for hypnosis at both doses were obtained 5 minutes after IV injection. The mean (± SD) duration of lateral recumbency was 10.8 (± 3.8) minutes after IV midazolam (0.6 mg kg−1) compared to 20 (± 5.2) minutes after midazolam at 1.2 mg kg−1. Compared to baseline, the heart rate increased significantly (p < 0.05) after high dose IV midazolam. ConclusionIntramuscular midazolam (0.6 mg kg−1) produced maximum sedation 20 minutes after injection. Intravenous injection produced maximum hypnosis within 5 minutes. Increasing the IV dose from 0.6 to 1.2 mg kg−1 resulted in increased reflex suppression and duration of hypnosis. Clinical relevanceFor a profound effect with rapid onset midazolam should be given IV in doses between 0.6 and 1.2 mg kg−1.