Abstract
Due to the growing number of vehicles on the roads worldwide, road traffic accidents are currently recognized as a major public safety problem. In this context, connected vehicles are considered as the key enabling technology to improve road safety and to foster the emergence of next generation cooperative intelligent transport systems (ITS). Through the use of wireless communication technologies, the deployment of ITS will enable vehicles to autonomously communicate with other nearby vehicles and roadside infrastructures and will open the door for a wide range of novel road safety and driver assistive applications. However, connecting wireless-enabled vehicles to external entities can make ITS applications vulnerable to various security threats, thus impacting the safety of drivers. This article reviews the current research challenges and opportunities related to the development of secure and safe ITS applications. It first explores the architecture and main characteristics of ITS systems and surveys the key enabling standards and projects. Then, various ITS security threats are analyzed and classified, along with their corresponding cryptographic countermeasures. Finally, a detailed ITS safety application case study is analyzed and evaluated in light of the European ETSI TC ITS standard. An experimental test-bed is presented, and several elliptic curve digital signature algorithms (ECDSA) are benchmarked for signing and verifying ITS safety messages. To conclude, lessons learned, open research challenges and opportunities are discussed.
Highlights
Due to the growing number of vehicles on the roads worldwide, road traffic accidents are currently recognized as a major societal and public health problem
The results suggest clearly that generic automotive processors are able to achieve up to 162 signature generations (SN-ENCAP) per second and up to 23 signature verifications (SN-DECAP) per second using the ETSI’s recommended signature schema; whereas the IEEE 1609.2 recommended signature schema is able to achieve a slightly higher SN-DECAP operations rate
In intelligent transport systems (ITS) safety applications, each vehicle is expected to broadcast at most 10 cooperative awareness messages (CAM) safety messages per second
Summary
Due to the growing number of vehicles on the roads worldwide (more than two billion by 2050 [1]), road traffic accidents are currently recognized as a major societal and public health problem. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) [2], the total number of road traffic deaths due to accidents remains unacceptably high at around 1.24 million per year, in addition to twenty to fifty million who are injured and/or disabled. The Automobile Association of America (AAA) estimated that the total cost of traffic crashes is around 166.7 billion USD [3]. This includes the costs of medical, emergency and police services, property damage and quality of life. Similar estimates from the WHO show that traffic injuries cost middle-income countries around 2% of their gross national product (over 100 billion USD per year)
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