Abstract
The current perspective about urban development expects 70% of energy consumption will be concentrated in the cities in 2050. In addition, a growing density of people in the urban context leads to the need for increased security and safety for citizens, which imply a better lighting infrastructure. Smart solutions are required to optimize the corresponding energy effort. In developing countries, the cities’ lighting is limited and the lighting world map is strongly significant about the urban density of the different areas. Nevertheless, in territories where the illumination level is particularly high, such as urban contexts, the conditions are not homogenous at the microscale level and the perceived security is affected by artificial urban lighting. As an example, 27.2% of the families living in the city of Milan, ombardy Region, Italy, consider critical the conditions of lighting in the city during the night, although the region has diffused infrastructure. The paper aims to provide a local illuminance geographic information system (GIS) mapping at the neighborhood level that can be extended to the urban context. Such an approach could unveil the need to increase lighting to enhance the perceived safety and security for the citizens and promote a higher quality of life in the smart city. Lighting mapping can be matched with car accident mapping of cities and could be extended to perceived security among pedestrians in urban roads and green areas, also related to degradation signs of the built environment. In addition, such an approach could open new scenarios to the adaptive street lighting control used to reduce the energy consumption in a smart city: the perceived security of an area could be used as an additional index to be considered during the modulation of the level of the luminosity of street lighting. An example of a measurement set-up is described and tested at the district level to define how to implement an extensive monitoring campaign based on an extended research schema.
Highlights
Urban centers are becoming increasingly attractive for people in developing and developed countries and the transitions of people toward the cities has rapidly grown in the past 40 years
The planning of the renovations of street light infrastructures in urban areas should take into consideration several parameters
The research work proposed a methodology for the planning of light renovations based on the correlation of geographic information system (GIS) data from different sources
Summary
Urban centers are becoming increasingly attractive for people in developing and developed countries and the transitions of people toward the cities has rapidly grown in the past 40 years. In 1950, in general about 2/3 of the world population lived in rural settlements and 1/3 was living in urban areas to exploit working conditions and opportunities. Sci. 2020, 10, 2174 areas has increased from one third in 1960 to 55% (4.1 billion people) in 2018 [1]. Growing urbanization is a consequence of the new births in urban zones and of continued migration of people coming from the rural surroundings. These movements are enhancing the sprawl of urban spaces as before rural peri-urban settlements were combined into nearby cities and secondary cities, connected by commerce activities developed in larger urban centers [3]
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