Abstract
Blockchains enhance trust in decentralized systems through components like distributed consensus, peer-to-peer communication, and trustless computing. Deployed in real networks, they must ensure security and dependability at each level. This paper introduces security and dependability concepts in three key layers: consensus protocols, network infrastructures, and smart contract applications, derived from distributed systems theory and adapted to blockchains. It evaluates these attributes across eight famous blockchains, assuming realistic network deployments and Byzantine fault scenarios to reveal system strengths and weaknesses. The aim is to establish a comprehensive framework for blockchain assessments, providing insight into design choices and potential security issues.
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