Abstract
Manufacturing is facing a host of new security challenges due to the convergence of information technology (IT) and operational technology (OT) in the industry. This article addresses the challenges that arise due to the use of low power Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) devices in modular manufacturing systems of Industry 4.0. First, we analyze security challenges concerning the manufacturing execution system (MES) and programmable logic controllers (PLC) in IIoT through a selective literature review. Second, we present an exploratory case study to determine a protocol for cryptographic key management and key exchange suitable for the Smart Production Lab of Aalborg University (a learning cyber-physical factory). Finally, we combine the findings of the case study with a quality function deployment (QFD) method to determine design requirements for Industry 4.0. We identify specific requirements from both the high-level domain of factory capabilities and the low-level domain of cryptography and translate requirements between these domains using a QFD analysis. The recommendations for designing a secure smart factory focus on how security can be implemented for low power and low-cost IIoT devices. Even though there have been a few studies on securing IT to OT data exchange, we conclude that the field is not yet in a state where it can be applied in practice with confidence.
Highlights
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has the potential to disrupt the traditional manufacturing industry
We explore the security concerns relating to the information technology (IT)/operational technology (OT) link for low power IIoT devices and examine the relevant smart factory design principle of interconnection in the context of ISA 95
We studied the smart factory design principle of interconnection and reviewed studies on security in the IIoT concerning Level 3 of ISA 95, and learned that the literature highlights vulnerabilities around the OT architecture
Summary
The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has the potential to disrupt the traditional manufacturing industry. Mantravadi et al.: Securing IT/OT Links for Low Power IIoT Devices: Design Considerations for Industry 4.0 the IIoT This introduces new security challenges, which are to be addressed by creating solutions for secure networks in smart factories. [11], [12], but there remains the question of how to apply these ideas to existing enterprise information systems Motivated by this need, we study the inherent security challenges in the context of IIoT and analyze existing cryptographic solutions to derive design considerations for the IT/OT link. We explore the security concerns relating to the IT/OT link for low power IIoT devices and examine the relevant smart factory design principle of interconnection in the context of ISA 95.
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