Secured image steganography based on Catalan transform

Abstract

Transform domain steganography methods are always preferable than spatial domain methods to the research community due to following advantages: better feature identification, improved security and higher robustness. In this paper, an integer sequence named Catalan Transform (CT) has been exploited in the image steganography domain. At the outset, the cover image is decomposed into 2 × 2 non-overlapping blocks in row major order. Then, each such block i.e., 4-pixel group is converted into transform domain using CT. Secret bits are embedded into the transformed components in varying proportions which facilitates us to achieve a payload in the range of 1 to 4 bpp. Inverse Catalan Transform (ICT) is applied over transformed cum embedded quadruples to generate the stego-pixels in spatial domain. Successive embedding operation over an entire image ensures the formation of stego-image. Experimental results confirm that the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values obtained by the proposed method are always above the acceptable level (i.e., 30 dB) and at the same time, it outperforms many state-of-the-art methods. Other metrics such as Mean Squared Error (MSE), Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM), Normalized Cross Correlation (NCC) and Global histograms with similarity measure have also been computed which prove the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. The robustness of the stego-images has further been tested using the StegExpose tool and it is found that the tool is unable to detect the presence of secret data. The code of this work is available at: https://github.com/Souradeep150/Catalan-based-Steganography .